Researchers from the Universities of Cambridge and Cardiff reveal a groundbreaking discovery in England: the oldest forest, dating back 390 million years, with trees resembling giant thistles. These Calamophyton trees boasted hollow trunks composed of smaller, interconnected strands, evolving into dense thickets that shaped landscapes unlike modern forests. This Devonian Period find in Devon and Somerset showcases the transformative impact of early forests on Earth’s topography and ecosystems, shedding light on a pivotal era in our planet’s history.

Russian President Vladimir Putin recently sent a strong message to the West about his country’s nuclear capabilities, stating that Russia’s arsenal is more advanced than that of other nuclear powers. While his rhetoric might be alarming, Putin also expressed his belief that a nuclear war is unlikely in the near future. Despite reports of Russia’s preparations for a nuclear anti-satellite weapon, the international community hopes that such weapons will never be deployed in space.